Spatial Factors Influencing Urban Heat Island Formation: A Case Study of Zwolle, The Netherlands
Abstract
Global warming trends have led to extreme heat events, which are predicted to worsen in the future. The effects of global warming are greater and more noticeable in urban areas than in nearby rural regions. A city is said to experience an "Urban Heat Island" when the temperatures in urban areas rise higher than the temperatures in the nearby rural areas. Additionally, some regions of a city are frequently hotter than others resulting in the formation of so-called "Intra-Urban" Heat Islands at the neighborhood level. UHI leads to an increase in the concentration of harmful pollutants such as CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, degradation of indoor and outdoor thermal comfort, affects health conditions, and increases mortality. This study aims to identify spatial factors contributing to UHI, with a particular focus on Zwolle. Using spatial analysis techniques and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), we assess land cover, urban morphology, and anthropogenic activities that influence UHI. Findings reveal that factors such as land surface materials, green space distribution, and building density significantly impact temperature variations. Understanding these spatial factors provides insights for urban planners to develop mitigation strategies, including Nature-Based Solutions (NBS).
Citations
IRE Journals:
Noelle Mwende Kamwele , Hellen Wafula K
"Spatial Factors Influencing Urban Heat Island Formation: A Case Study of Zwolle, The Netherlands" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 8 Issue 9 2025 Page 1261-1269
IEEE:
Noelle Mwende Kamwele , Hellen Wafula K
"Spatial Factors Influencing Urban Heat Island Formation: A Case Study of Zwolle, The Netherlands" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 8(9)
About IRE Journals
IRE Journals is an open access online journals established with an aim to publish high quality of research work in various diciplines. We have more than 6 years in publications. Over 2500+ papers already published.
Important Links
For Authors
Volume 7:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 6:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 5:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 4:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 3:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12