Hydrochemical Characteristics and Water Quality Assessment Using an Integrated Water Quality Index, Multivariate Analysis, and Geostatistical Modeling Approach: A Case Study of Asa River and Its Environs, Southwestern Nigeria
Abstract
One of the most pressing global issues is the water quality degradation, primarily caused by human activities. Asa River, which flows through residential, commercial, and industrial districts in Ilorin Metropolis, has suffered significant anthropogenic pollution over decades. Despite this, local inhabitants still rely on its water for drinking and domestic purposes. This study assesses the impact of human activities on the Asa River and its surrounding areas using an integrated approach involving water quality index, multivariate analysis, and geostatistical modeling. Thirty-four water samples from the river, boreholes and hand-dug wells were analysed. Geostatistical analysis produced spatial distribution and risk assessment maps for the heavy metals in the area. Results showed predominant bicarbonate water type, with 25%, particularly groundwater samples, exhibiting mixed composition (HCO3--Na-K). The water quality index (WQI) values indicated varied water quality across the area, with 75% of the water samples meeting safe standards for human consumption. However, 25% of the water samples, particularly from the Asa River and domestic sources posed health risks due deteriorated quality. The spatial distribution maps revealed significant heavy metal contamination (iron, chromium, lead, nickel, manganese, zinc), exceeding WHO permissible limits in the eastern part and declining towards the north, west, and from the land towards the river, indicating localized source of contamination likely from domestic, industrial, and agricultural sources. Multivariate analysis identified common contamination sources. This study highlights the need to develop strategies for the effective management of water resources to mitigate anthropogenic impacts and safeguard human health in the area.
Keywords
Hydrochemical, Water Quality, Multivariate Analysis, Geostatistical Modeling
Citations
IRE Journals:
Ridwan O. Alabi , Ibraheem O. Oyebanji , Joshua A. Odeyemi , Sulaiman O. Ibrahim , Ibrahim B. Odetayo
"Hydrochemical Characteristics and Water Quality Assessment Using an Integrated Water Quality Index, Multivariate Analysis, and Geostatistical Modeling Approach: A Case Study of Asa River and Its Environs, Southwestern Nigeria" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 8 Issue 9 2025 Page 890-910
IEEE:
Ridwan O. Alabi , Ibraheem O. Oyebanji , Joshua A. Odeyemi , Sulaiman O. Ibrahim , Ibrahim B. Odetayo
"Hydrochemical Characteristics and Water Quality Assessment Using an Integrated Water Quality Index, Multivariate Analysis, and Geostatistical Modeling Approach: A Case Study of Asa River and Its Environs, Southwestern Nigeria" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 8(9)
About IRE Journals
IRE Journals is an open access online journals established with an aim to publish high quality of research work in various diciplines. We have more than 6 years in publications. Over 2500+ papers already published.
Important Links
For Authors
Volume 7:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 6:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 5:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 4:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 3:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12